Insulin
Insulin (Human Recombinant)
The primary anabolic hormone regulating glucose metabolism. Used medically for diabetes and off-label by athletes for its potent anabolic effects on muscle.
Mechanism of Action
Insulin binds to insulin receptors, activating PI3K-Akt pathways that promote glucose uptake, protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis, and fat storage. It is the most potent anabolic hormone in the body.
Health Claims & Evidence
Potent anabolic effects on muscle protein synthesis
Improves glycemic control in diabetes
Enhances nutrient partitioning post-workout
Short-Term Effects
Rapid glucose lowering, muscle glycogen replenishment, anabolic effects.
Long-Term Effects
Sustained glycemic control in diabetes. Potential for insulin resistance with chronic misuse.
Side Effects
HYPOGLYCEMIA (potentially fatal), weight gain, lipodystrophy at injection sites.
Contraindications
Never use without blood glucose monitoring. Hypoglycemia is life-threatening.
This profile is provided for educational research only. It is not a treatment recommendation or dosing guide. Human evidence, safety information and regulatory status vary by substance. Verify primary sources and consult a qualified healthcare professional for medical decisions.
Research Papers
Insulin and muscle protein synthesis
Biolo et al. · American Journal of Physiology · 1995
Educational research only. This profile is not a treatment recommendation or dosing guide. Human evidence, safety information and regulatory status vary by substance. Consult a qualified healthcare professional for medical decisions.
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